DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277


Disarmament Series 5


Released September 1961

Office of Public Services


BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents, U.S. Government


Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents

INTRODUCTION

The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided
by serious ideological differences has produced a crisis in human history.
In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind,
the United States has introduced, at the Sixteenth General Assembly of the
United Nations, a Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful
World.

This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the
war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous strengthening of
international institutions to settle disputes and maintain the peace. It
sets forth a series of comprehensive measures which can and should be taken
in order to bring about a world in which there will be freedom from war and
security for all states. It is based on three principles deemed essential to
the achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field:

First, there must be immediate disarmament action:

A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made toward the goal of general
and complete disarmament; at the same time, it is important that specific
measures be put into effect as soon as possible.

Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to effective
international controls:

The control organization must have the manpower, facilities, and effectiveness
to assure that limitations or reductions take place as agreed. It must also be
able to certify to all states that retained forces and armaments do not exceed
those permitted at any stage of the disarmament process.

Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:

There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down of national
armaments on the one hand and the building up of international peace-keeping
machinery and institutions on the other. Nations are unlikely to shed their
means of self-protection in the absence of alternative ways to safeguard their
legitimate interests. This can only be achieved through the progressive
strengthening of international institutions under the United Nations and by
creating a United Nations Peace Force to enforce the peace as the disarmament
process proceeds.

There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the United States
Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. The full text
of the program is contained in an appendix to this pamphlet.

FREEDOM FROM WAR

THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM


FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT


IN A PEACEFUL WORLD

SUMMARY

DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The overall goal of the United States is a free, secure, and peaceful world of
independent states adhering to common standards of justice and international
conduct and subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world which has
achieved general and complete disarmament under effective international
control; and a world in which adjustment to change takes place in accordance
with the principles of the United Nations.

In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the program sets forth
the following specific objectives toward which nations should direct their
efforts:

• 
  The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
  reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those required to preserve
  internal order and for contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
  
• 
  The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons
  of mass destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required
  for a United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
  
• 
  The institution of effective means for the enforcement of international
  agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of peace in
  accordance with the principles of the United Nations;
  
• 
  The establishment and effective operation of an International Disarmament
  Organization within the framework of the United Nations to insure compliance at
  all times with all disarmament obligations.
  

TASKS OF NEGOTIATING STATES

The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into a detailed
plan for general and complete disarmament and to continue their efforts without
interruption until the whole program has been achieved. To this end, they are
to seek the widest possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At
the same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program,
they are to seek agreement on those immediate measures that would contribute to
the common security of nations and that could facilitate and form part of the
total program.

GOVERNING PRINCIPLES

The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the negotiating
states in their work. These make clear that:

• 
  As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be progressively
  strengthened in order to improve its capacity to assure international security
  and the peaceful settlement of disputes;
  
• 
  Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is completed, in
  stages containing balanced, phased, and safeguarded measures;
  
• 
  Each measure and stage should be carried out in an agreed period of time, with
  transition from one stage to the next to take place as soon as all measures in
  the preceding stage have been carried out and verified and as soon as necessary
  arrangements for verification of the next stage have been made;
  
• 
  Inspection and verification must establish both that nations carry out
  scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do not retain armed forces
  and armaments in excess of those permitted at any stage of the disarmament
  process; and
  
• 
  Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the
  security of any state.
  

DISARMAMENT STAGES

The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take place in three
stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions.

FIRST STAGE

The first stage contains measures which would significantly reduce the
capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war. Implementation of this stage
would mean that:

* The nuclear threat would be reduced:

All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively prohibiting the testing
of nuclear weapons.

The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons would be stopped and
quantities of such materials from past production would be converted to
non-weapons uses.

States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish control of such weapons to
any nation not owning them and would not transmit to any such nation
information or material necessary for their manufacture.

States not owning nuclear weapons would not manufacture them or attempt to
obtain control of such weapons belonging to other states.

A Commission of Experts would be established to report on the feasibility and
means for the verified reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons
stockpiles.

* Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:

Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of specified categories and weapons
designed to counter such vehicles would be reduced to agreed levels by
equitable and balanced steps; their production would be discontinued or
limited; their testing would be limited or halted.

* Arms and armed forces would be reduced:

The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union would be limited to
2.I million men each (with appropriate levels not exceeding that amount for
other militarily significant states); levels of armaments would be
correspondingly reduced and their production would be limited.

An Experts Commission would be established to examine and report on the
feasibility and means of accomplishing verifiable reduction and eventual
elimination of all chemical, biological and radiological weapons.

* Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:

The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable of
producing mass destruction would be prohibited.

States would give advance notification of space vehicle and missile launchings.

* U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:

Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United Nations arrangements
for arbitration, for the development of international law, and for the
establishment in Stage II of a permanent U.N. Peace Force.

* An International Disarmament Organization would be established for effective
verification of the disarmament program:

Its functions would be expanded progressively as disarmament proceeds.

It would certify to all states that agreed reductions have taken place and that
retained forces and armaments do not exceed permitted levels.

It would determine the transition from one stage to the next.

* States would be committed to other measures to reduce international tension
and to protect against the chance of war by accident, miscalculation, or
surprise attack:

States would be committed to refrain from the threat or use of any type of
armed force contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter and to refrain from
indirect aggression and subversion against any country.

A U.N. peace observation group would be available to investigate any situation
which might constitute a threat to or breach of the peace.

States would be committed to give advance notice of major military movements
which might cause alarm; observation posts would be established to report on
concentrations and movements of military forces.

SECOND STAGE

The second stage contains a series of measures which would bring within sight a
world in which there would be freedom from war. Implementation of all measures
in the second stage would mean:

• 
  Further substantial reductions in the armed forces, armaments, and military
  establishments of states, including strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles
  and countering weapons;
  
• 
  Further development of methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes under
  the United Nations;
  
• 
  Establishment of a permanent international peace force within the United
  Nations;
  
• 
  Depending on the findings of an Experts Commission, a halt in the production of
  chemical, bacteriological and radiological weapons and a reduction of existing
  stocks or their conversion to peaceful uses;
  
• 
  On the basis of the findings of an Experts Commission, a reduction of stocks of
  nuclear weapons;
  
• 
  The dismantling or the conversion to peaceful uses of certain military bases
  and facilities wherever located; and
  
• 
  The strengthening and enlargement of the International Disarmament Organization
  to enable it to verify the steps taken in Stage II and to determine the
  transition to Stage III.
  

THIRD STAGE

During the third stage of the program, the states of the world, building on the
experience and confidence gained in successfully implementing the measures of
the first two stages, would take final steps toward the goal of a world in
which:

• 
  States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and
  establishments required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they
  would also support and provide agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.
  
• 
  The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of armaments,
  would be fully functioning.
  
• 
  The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed
  types and quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to
  maintain internal order. All other armaments would be destroyed or converted to
  peaceful purposes.
  
• 
  The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be sufficiently
  strong and the obligations of all states under such arrangements sufficiently
  far-reaching as to assure peace and the just settlement of differences in a
  disarmed world.
  

APPENDIX

DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT

THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM


FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT


IN A PEACEFUL WORLD

The Nations of the world,

Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the revolutionary
development of modern weapons within a world divided by serious ideological
differences;

Determined to save present and succeeding generations from the scourge of war
and the dangers and burdens of the arms race and to create conditions in which
all peoples can strive freely and peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;

Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of independent
states adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct and
subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world where adjustment to
change takes place in accordance with the principles of the United Nations; a
world where there shall be a permanent state of general and complete
disarmament under effective international control and where the resources of
nations shall be devoted to man's material, cultural, and spiritual advance;

1. 
   The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
   reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those required to preserve
   internal order and for contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
   
2. 
   The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons
   of mass destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required
   for a United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
   
3. 
   The establishment and effective operation of an International Disarmament
   Organization within the framework of the United Nations to ensure compliance at
   all times with all disarmament obligations;
   
4. 
   The institution of effective means for the enforcement of international
   agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of peace in
   accordance with the principles of the United Nations.
   

Call on the negotiating states:

1. 
   To develop the outline program set forth below into an agreed plan for general
   and complete disarmament and to continue their efforts without interruption
   until the whole program has been achieved;
   
2. 
   To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area of agreement at the
   earliest possible date;
   
3. 
   Also to seek - without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program -
   agreement on those immediate measures that would contribute to the common
   security of nations and that could facilitate and form a part of that program.
   

Affirm that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the following
principles:

1. 
   Disarmament shall take place as rapidly as possible until it is completed in
   stages containing balanced, phased and safeguarded measures, with each measure
   and stage to be carried out in an agreed period of time.
   
2. 
   Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall be effectively verified from
   their entry into force. Verification arrangements shall be instituted
   progressively and in such a manner as to verify not only that agreed
   limitations or reductions take place but also that retained armed forces and
   armaments do not exceed agreed levels at any stage.
   
3. 
   Disarmament shall take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the
   security of any state, whether or not a party to an international agreement or
   treaty.
   
4. 
   As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations shall be progressively
   strengthened in order to improve its capacity to assure international security
   and the peaceful settlement of differences as well as to facilitate the
   development of international cooperation in common tasks for the benefit of
   mankind.
   
5. 
   Transition from one stage of disarmament to the next shall take place as soon
   as all the measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and effective
   verification is continuing and as soon as the arrangements that have been
   agreed to be necessary for the next stage have been instituted.
   

Agree upon the following outline program for achieving general and complete
disarmament:

STAGE I

A. To Establish an International Disarmament Organization:

• 
  (a) An International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall be established within
  the framework of the United Nations upon entry into force of the agreement. Its
  functions shall be expanded progressively as required for the effective
  verification of the disarmament program.
  
• 
  (b) The IDO shall have:
  
  1. 
     a General Conference of all the parties;
     
  2. 
     a Commission consisting of representatives of all the major powers as permanent
     members and certain other states on a rotating basis; and
     
  3. 
     an Administrator who will administer the Organization subject to the direction
     of the Commission and who will have the authority, staff, and finances adequate
     to assure effective impartial implementation of the functions of the
     Organization.
     
• 
  (c) The IDO shall:
  
  1. 
     ensure compliance with the obligations undertaken by verifying the execution of
     measures agreed upon;
     
  2. 
     assist the states in developing the details of agreed further verification and
     disarmament measures;
     
  3. 
     provide for the establishment of such bodies as may be necessary for working
     out the details of further measures provided for in the program and for such
     other expert study groups as may be required to give continuous study to the
     problems of disarmament;
     
  4. 
     receive reports on the progress of disarmament and verification arrangements
     and determine the transition from one stage to the next.
     

B. To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:

• 
  (a) Force levels shall be limited to 2.I million each for the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
  and to appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1 million each for all other
  militarily significant states. Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by
  equitable, proportionate, and verified steps.
  
• 
  (b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by equitable and
  balanced steps. The reductions shall be accomplished by transfers of armaments
  to depots supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I
  reduction process, the states party to the agreement have agreed that the
  armaments and armed forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in depots
  shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful
  uses.
  
• 
  (c) The production of agreed types of armaments shall be limited.
  
• 
  (d) A Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts Commission shall be
  established within the IDO for the purpose of examining and reporting on the
  feasibility and means for accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual
  elimination of CBR weapons stockpiles and the halting of their production.
  

C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat:

• 
  (a) States that have not acceded to a treaty effectively prohibiting the
  testing of nuclear weapons shall do so.
  
• 
  (b) The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons shall be stopped.
  
• 
  (c) Upon the cessation of production of fissionable materials for use in
  weapons, agreed initial quantities of fissionable materials from past
  production shall be transferred to non-weapons purposes.
  
• 
  (d) Any fissionable materials transferred between countries for peaceful uses
  of nuclear energy shall be subject to appropriate safeguards to be developed in
  agreement with the IAEA.
  
• 
  (e) States owning nuclear weapons shall not relinquish control of such weapons
  to any nation not owning them and shall not transmit to any such nation
  information or material necessary for their manufacture. States not owning
  nuclear weapons shall not manufacture such weapons, attempt to obtain control
  of such weapons belonging to other states, or seek or receive information or
  materials necessary for their manufacture.
  
• 
  (f) A Nuclear Experts Commission consisting of representatives of the nuclear
  states shall be established within the IDO for the purpose of examining and
  reporting on the feasibility and means for accomplishing the verified reduction
  and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
  

D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

• 
  (a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified categories and
  agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be reduced to
  agreed levels by equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be
  accomplished in each step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO of
  vehicles that are in excess of levels agreed upon for each step. At specified
  periods during the Stage I reduction process, the vehicles that have been
  placed under supervision of the IDO shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful
  uses.
  
• 
  (b) Production of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery
  vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be
  discontinued or limited.
  
• 
  (c) Testing of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles
  and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be limited
  or halted.
  

E. To Promote the Peaceful Use of Outer Space:

• 
  (a) The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable c,f
  producing mass destruction shall be prohibited.
  
• 
  (b) States shall give advance notification to participating states and to the
  IDO of launchings of space vehicles and missiles, together with the track of
  the vehicle.
  

F. To Reduce the Risks of War by Accident, Miscalculation, and Surprise Attack:

• 
  (a) States shall give advance notification to the participating states and to
  the IDO of major military movements and maneuvers, on a scale as may be agreed,
  which might give rise to misinterpretation or cause alarm and induce
  countermeasures. The notification shall include the geographic areas to be used
  and the nature, scale and time span of the event.
  
• 
  (b) There shall be established observation posts at such locations as major
  ports, railway centers, motor highways, and air bases to report on
  concentrations and movements of military forces.
  
• 
  (c) There shall also be established such additional inspection arrangements to
  reduce the danger of surprise attack as may be agreed.
  
• 
  (d) An international commission shall be established immediately within the IDO
  to examine and make recommendations on the possibility of further measures to
  reduce the risks of nuclear war by accident, miscalculation, or failure of
  communication.
  

G. To Keep the Peace:

• 
  (a) States shall reaffirm their obligations under the U.N. Charter to refrain
  from the threat or use of any type of armed force including nuclear,
  conventional, or CBR - contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter.
  
• 
  (b) States shall agree to refrain from indirect aggression and subversion
  against any country.
  
• 
  (c) States shall use all appropriate processes for the peaceful settlement of
  disputes and shall seek within the United Nations further arrangements for the
  peaceful settlement of international disputes and for the codification and
  progressive development of international law.
  
• 
  (d) States shall develop arrangements in Stage I for the establishment in Stage
  II of a U.N. Peace Force.
  
• 
  (e) A U.N. peace observation group shall be staffed with a standing cadre of
  observers who could be dispatched to investigate any situation which might
  constitute a threat to or breach of the peace
  

STAGE II

A. International Disarmament Organization:

• 
  The powers and responsibilities of the IDO shall be progressively enlarged in
  order to give it the capabilities to verify the measures undertaken in Stage II.
  

B. To Further Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:

• 
  (a) Levels of forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other militarily significant
  states shall be further reduced by substantial amounts to agreed levels in
  equitable and balanced steps.
  
• 
  (b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be further reduced by
  equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished by transfers
  of armaments to depots supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during
  the Stage II reduction process, the parties have agreed that the armaments and
  armed forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in depots shall be
  destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
  
• 
  (c) There shall be further agreed restrictions on the production of armaments.
  
• 
  (d) Agreed military bases and facilities wherever they are located shall be
  dismantled or converted to peaceful uses.
  
• 
  (e) Depending upon the findings of the Experts Commission on CBR weapons, the
  production of CBR weapons shall be halted, existing stocks progressively
  reduced, and the resulting excess quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful
  uses.
  

C. To Further Reduce the Nuclear Threat:

• 
  Stocks of nuclear weapons shall be progressively reduced to the minimum levels
  which can be agreed upon as a result of the findings of the Nuclear Experts
  Commission; the resulting excess of fissionable material shall be transferred
  to peaceful purposes.
  

D. To Further Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

• 
  Further reductions in the stocks of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles
  and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be carried
  out in accordance with the procedure outlined in Stage I.
  

E. To Keep the Peace:

During Stage II, states shall develop further the peace-keeping processes of
the United Nations, to the end that the United Nations can effectively in Stage
III deter or suppress any threat or use of force in violation of the purposes
and principles of the United Nations:

• 
  (a) States shall agree upon strengthening the structure, authority, and
  operation of the United Nations so as to assure that the United Nations will be
  able effectively to protect states against threats to or breaches of the peace.
  
• 
  (b) The U.N. Peace Force shall be established and progressively strengthened.
  
• 
  (c) States shall also agree upon further improvements and developments in rules
  of international conduct and in processes for peaceful settlement of disputes
  and differences.
  

STAGE III

By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence produced through a
verified disarmament program, the acceptance of rules of peaceful international
behavior, and the development of strengthened international peace-keeping
processes within the framework of the U.N. should have reached a point where
the states of the world can move forward to Stage III. In Stage III progressive
controlled disarmament and continuously developing principles and procedures of
international law would proceed to a point where no state would have the
military power to challenge the progressively strengthened U.N. Peace Force and
all international disputes would be settled according to the agreed principles
of international conduct.

The progressive steps to be taken during the final phase of the disarmament
program would be directed toward the attainment of a world in which:

• 
  (a) States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and
  establishments required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they
  would also support and provide agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.
  
• 
  (b) The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of
  armaments, would be fully functioning.
  
• 
  (c) The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed
  types and quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to
  maintain internal order. All other armaments would be destroyed or converted to
  peaceful purposes.
  
• 
  (d) The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be sufficiently
  strong and the obligations of all states under such arrangements sufficiently
  far-reaching as to assure peace and the just settlement of differences in a
  disarmed world.
  

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 11161 O-609147

Luke 11:21 When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in peace: